Low pressure ratio fan engine having a dimensional relationship between inlet and fan size

ABSTRACT

A gas turbine engine assembly includes, among other things, a fan section including a fan, the fan including a plurality of fan blades, a diameter of the fan having a dimension D that is based on a dimension of the fan blades, a turbine section including a high pressure turbine and a low pressure turbine, the low pressure turbine driving the fan, a nacelle including an inlet portion forward of the fan, a length of the inlet portion having a dimension L, and a dimensional relationship of L/D between 0.30 and 0.40.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/887,183, filed Feb. 2, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/091,862, filed Nov. 27, 2013, which claims priority to provisional application 61/884,325, filed on Sep. 30, 2013 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/721,095, filed on Dec. 20, 2012.

BACKGROUND

A gas turbine engine typically includes a fan section, a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. Air entering the compressor section is compressed and delivered into the combustor section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate a high-speed exhaust gas flow. The high-speed exhaust gas flow expands through the turbine section to drive the compressor and the fan section. The compressor section typically includes low and high pressure compressors and the turbine section includes low and high pressure turbines.

A nacelle surrounds the engine. An inlet section of the nacelle is that portion of the nacelle that is forward of the fan section of the engine. One function of the inlet is to reduce noise. A minimum length of the inlet is typically required for noise reduction with high bypass ratio engines.

While longer inlets tend to improve noise reduction, that feature does not come without cost. A longer inlet is associated with increased weight and external drag. Additionally, the airflow at the inlet during takeoff typically creates a bending moment that is proportional to the length of the inlet. Longer inlets, therefore, tend to introduce additional load on the engine structure under such conditions.

SUMMARY

A gas turbine engine assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a fan including a plurality of fan blades, a diameter of the fan having a dimension D that is based on a dimension of the fan blades. Each fan blade has a leading edge and an inlet portion forward of the fan. A length of the inlet portion has a dimension L between a location of the leading edge of at least some of the fan blades and a forward edge on the inlet portion. A dimensional relationship of L/D is between about 0.2 and about 0.45.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing assembly, the dimensional relationship of L/D is between about 0.25 and about 0.45.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of either of the foregoing assemblies, the dimensional relationship of L/D is between about 0.30 and about 0.40.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the dimensional relationship of L/D is about 0.35.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the dimension L is different at a plurality of locations on the fan case. A greatest value of L corresponds to a value of L/D that is at most about 0.45, and a smallest value of L corresponds to a value of L/D that is at least about 0.20.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the dimension L varies and the dimensional relationship of L/D is based on an average value of L.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the dimension L varies between a top of the inlet portion and a bottom of the inlet portion, and the dimensional relationship of L/D is based on a value of L near a midpoint between the top and the bottom of the inlet portion.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the leading edges of the fan blades are in a reference plane, and the dimension L extends along a direction that is generally perpendicular to the reference plane.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the engine has a central axis, the reference plane is generally perpendicular to the central axis, and the dimension L extends along a direction that is parallel to the central axis.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the engine has a central axis, the forward edge on the fan case is in a reference plane, the leading edges of the fan blades are in a second reference plane, and the dimension L is measured between a first location where the central axis intersects the first reference plane and a second location where the central axis intersects the second reference plane.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the fan is configured to deliver a portion of air into a compressor section and a portion of air into a bypass duct, a bypass ratio which is defined as a volume of air passing to the bypass duct compared to a volume of air passing into the compressor section being greater than or equal to about 8, and the fan is configured to have a pressure ratio between about 1.20 and about 1.50 when operating at sea level.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, each of the fan blades is a swept fan blade.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, a speed change device is configured to drive the fan at a speed that is less than an input speed in the speed change device.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, the speed change device is a geared architecture that defines a gear reduction ratio greater than or equal to about 2.3.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing assemblies, a fan blade tip speed of each of the fan blades is less than about 1150 ft/second.

A gas turbine engine assembly according to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, a fan including a plurality of fan blades, a diameter of the fan having a dimension D that is based on a dimension of the fan blades, each fan blade having a leading edge, a geared architecture configured to drive the fan at a speed that is less than an input speed in the geared architecture, a compressor section, a turbine section configured to drive the compressor section and the geared architecture, an inlet portion forward of the fan, a length of the inlet portion having a dimension L between a location of the leading edge of at least some of the fan blades and a forward edge on the inlet portion. A dimensional relationship of L/D is between about 0.2 and about 0.45.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of the foregoing gas turbine engine assembly, the dimension L varies and the dimensional relationship of L/D is based on an average value of L.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of either of the foregoing gas turbine engines, the fan is configured to deliver a portion of air into the compressor section, and a portion of air into a bypass duct, a bypass ratio between a volume of air passing to the bypass duct and a volume of air passing into the compressor section is greater than or equal to about 8, and the fan is configured to have a pressure ratio less than about 1.50 when operating at sea level.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing gas turbine engine assemblies, the geared architecture defines a gear reduction ratio greater than or equal to about 2.3.

In a further non-limiting embodiment of any of the foregoing gas turbine engine assemblies, each of the fan blades is a swept fan blade.

The various features and advantages of at least one disclosed example embodiment will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example gas turbine engine.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates selected portions of the example gas turbine engine and demonstrates an example dimensional relationship designed according to an embodiment of this invention.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates selected portions of a second example of a gas turbine engine.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates selected portions of a third example of a gas turbine engine.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example gas turbine engine 20 that includes a fan section 22, a compressor section 24, a combustor section 26 and a turbine section 28. Alternative engines might include an augmenter section (not shown) among other systems or features. The fan section 22 drives air along a bypass flow path B while the compressor section 24 draws air in along a core flow path C where air is compressed and communicated to a combustor section 26. In the combustor section 26, air is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate a high pressure exhaust gas stream that expands through the turbine section 28 where energy is extracted and utilized to drive the fan section 22 and the compressor section 24.

Although the disclosed non-limiting embodiment depicts a two-spool turbofan gas turbine engine, it should be understood that the concepts described herein are not limited to use with two-spool turbofans as the teachings may be applied to other types of turbine engines; for example a turbine engine including a three-spool architecture in which three spools concentrically rotate about a common axis and where a low spool enables a low pressure turbine to drive a fan via a gearbox, an intermediate spool that enables an intermediate pressure turbine to drive a first compressor of the compressor section, and a high spool that enables a high pressure turbine to drive a high pressure compressor of the compressor section.

The example engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis A relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided.

The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that connects a fan 42 and a low pressure (or first) compressor section 44 to a low pressure (or first) turbine section 46. The inner shaft 40 drives the fan 42 through a speed change device, such as a geared architecture 48, to drive the fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high-speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a high pressure (or second) compressor section 52 and a high pressure (or second) turbine section 54. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via the bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis X.

A combustor 56 is arranged between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. In one example, the high pressure turbine 54 includes at least two stages to provide a double stage high pressure turbine 54. In another example, the high pressure turbine 54 includes only a single stage. As used herein, a “high pressure” compressor or turbine experiences a higher pressure than a corresponding “low pressure” compressor or turbine.

The example low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about 5. The pressure ratio of the example low pressure turbine 46 is measured prior to an inlet of the low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure measured at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle.

A mid-turbine frame 57 of the engine static structure 36 is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28 as well as setting airflow entering the low pressure turbine 46.

The core airflow C is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then by the high pressure compressor 52 mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor 56 to produce high speed exhaust gases that are then expanded through the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 includes vanes 59, which are in the core airflow path and function as an inlet guide vane for the low pressure turbine 46. Utilizing the vane 59 of the mid-turbine frame 57 as the inlet guide vane for low pressure turbine 46 decreases the length of the low pressure turbine 46 without increasing the axial length of the mid-turbine frame 57. Reducing or eliminating the number of vanes in the low pressure turbine 46 shortens the axial length of the turbine section 28. Thus, the compactness of the gas turbine engine 20 is increased and a higher power density may be achieved.

The disclosed gas turbine engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the gas turbine engine 20 includes a bypass ratio greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10). The example geared architecture 48 is an epicyclical gear train, such as a planetary gear system, star gear system or other known gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3.

In one disclosed embodiment, the gas turbine engine 20 includes a bypass ratio greater than about ten (10:1) and the fan diameter is significantly larger than an outer diameter of the low pressure compressor 44. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a gas turbine engine including a geared architecture and that the present disclosure is applicable to other gas turbine engines.

A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet. The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft., with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of pound-mass (lbm) of fuel per hour being burned divided by pound-force (lbf) of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point.

“Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.50. In another non-limiting embodiment the low fan pressure ratio is less than about 1.45.

“Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)]^(0.5). The “Low corrected fan tip speed”, as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment, is less than about 1150 ft/second.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of the engine 20 with a nacelle or cowling 80, that surrounds the entire engine. In this disclosure, like reference numerals designate like elements where appropriate and reference numerals with the addition of one-hundred or multiples thereof designate modified elements that are understood to incorporate the same features and benefits of the corresponding original elements. An inlet portion 82 is situated forward of the fan 42. In this example, the inlet portion 82 has a leading edge 84, which may be defined by the inlet side cut on the cowling 80. The leading edge 84 is generally within a first reference plane 86.

The nacelle 80 in some examples includes a flange 87 that is received against a leading edge on a fan case 88. The inlet portion 82 has a length L between a selected location corresponding to the leading edge 84, such as a location within the reference plane 86, and a forward most portion 90 on leading edges on the fan blades 92 of the fan 42. In this example, the length L may be considered an axial length of the inlet portion 82 because the length L is taken along a direction parallel to the central longitudinal axis A of the engine 20. In the illustrated example, the inlet section of the nacelle 80 and the section of the fan case 88 that is forward of the blades 92 collectively establish the overall effective length L. In other words, in this example the length L of the inlet portion 82 includes the length of the inlet section of the nacelle 80 and some of the fan case 88.

The fan blades can be unswept fan blades 42 (shown in FIG. 1) or swept fan blades 92 (shown in FIGS. 2-4). In some examples, the fan blades 92 are conventional radial fan blades or three-dimensional swept fan blades (each having a similar side profile shown in FIG. 2). In some examples, the fan blades 92 are forward-swept fan blades 92A (shown in FIG. 3). In other examples, the fan blades 92 are rearward-swept fan blades 92B (shown in FIG. 4). In further examples, the fan blades 92 include both forward-swept and rearward-swept portions (shown in FIG. 2). A forward-swept fan blade is configured to have a radial portion of a leading edge of the fan blade forward of other portions of the leading edge. A rearward-swept fan blade is configured to have a radial portion of a leading edge of the fan blade rearward of other portions of the leading edge. A three-dimensional swept fan blade is twisted about an axis R extending in a radial direction between a tip or outermost edge 94 and a root 95 of the fan blade (shown in an axial view in FIG. 2).

The fan blades 92 establish a diameter between circumferentially outermost edges 94. The fan diameter D is shown in FIG. 2 as a dimension extending between the edges 94 of two of the fan blades 92 that are parallel to each other and extending in opposite directions away from the central axis A. In the illustration, the forward most portions 90 on the fan blades 92 are within a second reference plane 96. In this example, the second reference plane 96 is oriented generally perpendicular to the central axis A of the engine 20. The first reference plane 86 in this example is oriented at an oblique angle relative to the second reference plane 96 and the central axis A. In the illustrated example the oblique angle of orientation of the first reference plane 86 is approximately 5°.

The length L is selected to establish a desired dimensional relationship between L and D. In some example embodiments, the dimensional relationship of L/D (e.g., the ratio of L/D) is between about 0.2 and about 0.45. In some example embodiments, the dimensional relationship of L/D is between about 0.25 and about 0.45. In some examples L/D is between about 0.30 and about 0.40. In some example embodiments, the dimensional relationship of L/D is about 0.35.

As can be appreciated from FIG. 2, the length L of the inlet portion 82 (i.e., the combined length of the nacelle inlet and the forward section of the fan case) is different at different locations along a perimeter of the fan case 80. The leading edge 84 is further from the second reference plane 96 near the top (according to the drawing) of the engine assembly than it is near the bottom (according to the drawing) of the engine assembly. The greatest length L in this example corresponds to a value for L/D that is no more than about 0.45. The smallest length L in the illustrated example corresponds to a value for L/D that is at least about 0.20. The value of L/D may vary between those two limits at different locations on the leading edge 84.

In one example where the leading edge 84 has a variable distance from the second reference plane 96, the dimensional relationship L/D is taken based upon a measurement of L that corresponds to an average measurement of the dimension between the leading edge 84 of the inlet portion 82 and the average location of the leading edge on the fan blades 92. Stated another way, L/D in such an embodiment is based on a measurement of the average distance between the reference planes 86 and 96. In another example where the dimension between the first reference plane 86 and the second reference plane 96 varies, the dimension L used for the dimensional relationship L/D is taken at a midpoint between a portion of the leading edge 84 that is most forward and another portion of the leading edge 84 that is most aft.

In another example, the dimension L is measured between a first location where the central longitudinal axis A of the engine intersects the first reference plane 86 and a second location where the axis A intersects the second reference plane 96.

The dimensional relationship of L/D is smaller than that found on typical gas turbine engines. The corresponding dimensional relationship on most gas turbine engines is greater than 0.5. Providing a shorter inlet portion length L facilitates reducing the weight of the engine assembly. A shorter inlet portion length also reduces the overall length of the nacelle and reduces external drag. Additionally, having a shorter inlet portion 82 reduces the bending moment and corresponding load on the engine structure during flight conditions, such as takeoff. A shorter inlet portion 82 also can contribute to providing more clearance with respect to cargo doors and other mechanical components in the vicinity of the engine.

The example engine 20 is a high bypass ratio engine having a larger fan with respect to the engine core components and lower exhaust stream velocities compared to engines with lower bypass ratios. Higher bypass ratio engines tend to have fan noise as a more significant source of noise compared to other sources. The illustrated example includes a shorter inlet yet does not have an associated effective perceived noise level that is noticeably greater than other configurations with longer inlets. One reason for this is that the example engine 20 includes a low pressure ratio fan that operates at a slower fan speed, which is associated with less fan noise. In one example, the fan 42 has a pressure ratio between about 1.20 and about 1.50. A pressure ratio within that range corresponds to the engine operating at a cruise design point in some example implementations and/or at sea level in other example implementations. The shorter length L of the inlet portion 82 combined with the low pressure ratio of the fan 42, which has a slower fan speed enabled by the geared architecture 48 of the engine 20, results in an acceptable perceived engine noise level. Additionally, the geared architecture 48 enables the fan 42 to rotate at a slower speed and a lower fan tip relative Mach number which is associated with a reduced fan noise signature. In some instances, the geared architecture 48 reduces the fan tip relative Mach number below 1.1 at the critical condition for noise attenuation, such as at full-takeoff, and in some instances, into the sub-sonic range at Mach 1.0 and below. Less acoustic liner material is necessary to maintain acceptable noise attenuation control because of the reduced fan source noise.

Utilizing a dimensional relationship as described above allows for realizing a relatively shorter inlet on a gas turbine engine while maintaining sufficient noise attenuation control. Additionally, the short inlet portion 82 combined with the low pressure ratio fan 42 provides improved propulsive efficiency and lower installed fuel burn compared to conventional gas turbine engine propulsion systems.

The foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense. A worker of ordinary skill in the art would understand that certain modifications could come within the scope of this disclosure. For these reasons, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A gas turbine engine assembly, comprising: a fan section including a fan and a fan case surrounding the fan to define a bypass duct, the fan including a plurality of fan blades having circumferentially outermost edges, a diameter of the fan having a dimension D extending between the circumferentially outermost edges of the fan blades, each fan blade having a leading edge, a forward-most portion on the leading edges of the fan blades in a first reference plane, wherein a portion of the fan case is forward of the leading edges of the fan blades relative to an engine central longitudinal axis, and each of the fan blades is a swept fan blade; a geared architecture; a compressor section including a first compressor and a second compressor axially aft of the first compressor relative to the engine central longitudinal axis; a turbine section including a first turbine and a fan drive turbine, wherein each of the first compressor and the fan drive turbine includes a greater number of stages than the first turbine; a nacelle including an inlet portion forward of the fan relative to the engine central longitudinal axis, a forward edge on the inlet portion in a second reference plane, and a length of the inlet portion having a dimension L measured along the engine central longitudinal axis between the first reference plane and the second reference plane; wherein the fan delivers a portion of air into the compressor section and a portion of air into the bypass duct, and a bypass ratio of greater than 10, the bypass ratio being a ratio of a volume of air passing to the bypass duct compared to a volume of air passing into the compressor section; a first shaft concentric with a second shaft, the first and second shafts rotatable about the engine central longitudinal axis, wherein the first shaft connects the fan and the first compressor to the fan drive turbine turbine, the second shaft connects the second compressor to the first turbine, and the first shaft drives the fan through the geared architecture; and wherein a dimensional relationship of L/D is between 0.30 and 0.40.
 2. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the fan has a pressure ratio of between 1.20 and 1.50 across the fan blade alone at cruise at 0.8 Mach and 35,000 feet.
 3. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the swept fan blade includes a rearward swept portion.
 4. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the swept fan blade includes a forward swept portion.
 5. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 4, wherein the swept fan blade includes a rearward swept portion.
 6. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the geared architecture is an epicyclical gear train.
 7. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein the second reference plane is oriented at an oblique angle relative to the engine central longitudinal axis.
 8. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the pressure ratio of the fan is less than 1.45 across the fan blade alone at cruise at 0.8 Mach and 35,000 feet.
 9. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 8, further comprising a fan tip relative Mach number below 1.1 at full-takeoff.
 10. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 9, wherein the first turbine includes two stages.
 11. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 10, wherein the forward edge on the inlet portion is further from the first reference plane near a top of the gas turbine engine assembly than the forward engine is near a bottom of the gas turbine engine assembly.
 12. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein the pressure ratio of the fan is less than 1.45 across the fan blade alone at cruise at 0.8 Mach and 35,000 feet.
 13. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 12, wherein the first turbine includes two stages.
 14. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 13, wherein the geared architecture defines a gear reduction ratio of greater than 2.3.
 15. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 14, wherein the first compressor is a three-stage compressor.
 16. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 14, further comprising a fan tip relative Mach number below 1.1 at full-takeoff.
 17. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 16, wherein the fan drive turbine includes an inlet, an outlet, and a pressure ratio of greater than 5:1, where the pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to the inlet as related pressure measured at the outlet prior to any exhaust nozzle.
 18. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 17, wherein the geared architecture is a star gear system.
 19. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 17, wherein the geared architecture is a planetary gear system.
 20. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 19, wherein the gas turbine engine assembly is a two-spool engine including a first spool and a second spool, the first spool comprises the first compressor and the fan drive turbine, and the second spool comprises the second compressor and the first turbine.
 21. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 20, wherein the fan tip relative Mach number is equal to or below 1.0 at full-takeoff.
 22. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 21, wherein the dimensional relationship of L/D is between 0.30 and 0.35.
 23. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 21, wherein the dimensional relationship of L/D is between 0.35 and 0.40.
 24. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 21, wherein: the turbine section includes a mid-turbine frame between the first turbine and the fan drive turbine relative to the engine central longitudinal axis; the mid-turbine frame supports bearing systems in the turbine section; and the mid-turbine frame includes a plurality of vanes in a core airflow path defined by the turbine section.
 25. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 24, wherein the second reference plane is oriented at an oblique angle relative to the engine central longitudinal axis.
 26. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 24, wherein the fan drive turbine includes a greater number of stages than the first compressor.
 27. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 24, wherein the first compressor is a three-stage compressor.
 28. The gas turbine engine assembly as recited in claim 24, wherein the plurality of vanes are inlet guide vanes arranged to set airflow in the core airflow path entering the fan drive turbine.
 29. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 28, wherein the dimensional relationship of L/D is between 0.30 and 0.35.
 30. The gas turbine assembly as recited in claim 28, wherein the dimensional relationship of L/D is between 0.35 and 0.40. 